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rev. a information furnished by analog devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. however, no responsibility is assumed by analog devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. no license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of analog devices. a lc 2 mos quad 8-bit d/a converter ad7226 one technology way, p.o. box 9106, norwood, ma 02062-9106, u.s.a. tel: 617/329-4700 fax: 617/326-8703 functional block diagram features four 8-bit dacs with output amplifiers skinny 20-pin dip, soic and 20-terminal surface mount packages microprocessor compatible ttl/cmos compatible no user trims extended temperature range operation single supply operation possible applications process control automatic test equipment automatic calibration of large system parameters, e.g., gain/offset product highlights 1. dac-to-dac matching since all four dacs are fabricated on the same chip at the same time, precise matching and tracking between the dacs is inherent. 2. single supply operation the voltage mode configuration of the dacs allows the ad7226 to be operated from a single power supply rail. 3. microprocessor compatibility the ad7226 has a common 8-bit data bus with individual dac latches, providing a versatile control architecture for simple interface to microprocessors. all latch enable signals are level triggered. 4. small size combining four dacs and four op amps plus interface logic into a 20-pin dip or soic or a 20-terminal surface mount package allows a dramatic reduction in board space require- ments and offers increased reliability in systems using mul- tiple converters. its pinout is aimed at optimizing board layout with all the analog inputs and outputs at one end of the package and all the digital inputs at the other. general description the ad7226 contains four 8-bit voltage-output digital-to- analog converters, with output buffer amplifiers and interface logic on a single monolithic chip. no external trims are required to achieve full specified performance for the part. separate on-chip latches are provided for each of the four d/a converters. data is transferred into one of these data latches through a common 8-bit ttl/cmos (5 v) compatible input port. control inputs a0 and a1 determine which dac is loaded when wr goes low. the control logic is speed-compatible with most 8-bit microprocessors. each d/a converter includes an output buffer amplifier capable of driving up to 5 ma of output current. the amplifiers offsets are laser-trimmed during manufacture, thereby eliminating any requirement for offset nulling. specified performance is guaranteed for input reference voltages from +2 v to +12.5 v with dual supplies. the part is also speci- fied for single supply operation at a reference of +10 v. the ad7226 is fabricated in an all ion-implanted high speed linear compatible cmos (lc 2 mos) process which has been specifically developed to allow high speed digital logic circuits and precision analog circuits to be integrated on the same chip.
rev. a C2C ad7226Cspecifications dual supply parameter k, b, t versions 2 units conditions/comments static performance resolution 8 bits total unadjusted error 2 lsb max v dd = +15 v 5%, v ref = +10 v relative accuracy 1 lsb max differential nonlinearity 1 lsb max guaranteed monotonic full scale error 1 1/2 lsb max full scale temperature coefficient 20 ppm/ c typ v dd = 14 v to 16.5 v, v ref = +10 v zero code error 30 mv max zero code error temperature coefficient 50 m v/ c typ reference input voltage range 2 to (v dd C 4) v min to v max input resistance 2 k w min input capacitance 3 65 pf min occurs when each dac is loaded with all 0s. 300 pf max occurs when each dac is loaded with all 1s. digital inputs input high voltage, v inh 2.4 v min input low voltage, v inl 0.8 v max input leakage current 1 m a max v in = 0 v or v dd input capacitance 8 pf max input coding binary dynamic performance voltage output slew rate 4 2.5 v/ m s min voltage output settling time 4 positive full scale change 5 m s max v ref = +10 v; settling time to 1/2 lsb negative full scale change 7 m s max v ref = +10 v; settling time to 1/2 lsb digital crosstalk 50 nv secs typ minimum load resistance 2 k w min v out = +10 v power supplies v dd range 11.4/16.5 v min/v max for specified performance i dd 13 ma max outputs unloaded; v in = v inl or v inh i ss 11 ma max outputs unloaded; v in = v inl or v inh switching characteristics 4, 5 address to write setup time, t as @ 25 c 0 ns min t min to t max 0 ns min address to write hold time, t ah @ 25 c 10 ns min t min to t max 10 ns min data valid to write setup time, t ds @ 25 c 90 ns min t min to t max 100 ns min data valid to write hold time, t dh @ 25 c 10 ns min t min to t max 10 ns min write pulse width, t wr @ 25 c 150 ns min t min to t max 200 ns min notes 1 maximum possible reference voltage. 2 temperature ranges are as follows: k version: C40 c to +85 c b version: C40 c to +85 c t version: C55 c to +125 c 3 guanteed by design. not production tested. 4 sample tested at 25 c to ensure compliance. 5 switching characteristics apply for single and dual supply operation. specifications subject to change without notice. (v dd = 11.4 v to 16.5 v, v ss = C5 v 6 10%; agnd = dgnd = o v; v ref = +2 v to (v dd C 4 v) 1 unless otherwise noted. all specifications t min to t max unless otherwise noted.)
ad7226 rev. a C3C ordering guide total temperature unadjusted package model 1 range error option 2 AD7226KN C40 c to +85 c 2 lsb n-20 ad7226kp C40 c to +85 c 2 lsb p-20a ad7226kr C40 c to +85 c 2 lsb r-20 ad7226bq C40 c to +85 c 2 lsb q-20 ad7226tq C55 c to +125 c 2 lsb q-20 ad7226te C55 c to +125 c 2 lsb e-20a notes 1 to order mil-std-883, class b processed parts, add /883b to part number. contact your local sales office for military data sheet, for u.s. standard military drawing (smd), see desc drawing #5962C87802. 2 e = leadless ceramic chip carrier; n = plastic dip; p = plastic leaded chip carrier; q = cerdip; r = soic. single supply parameter k, b, t versions 2 units conditions/comments static performance resolution 8 bits total unadjusted error 2 lsb max differential nonlinearity 1 lsb max guaranteed monotonic reference input input resistance 2 k w min input capacitance 3 65 pf min occurs when each dac is loaded with all 0s. 300 pf max occurs when each dac is loaded with all 1s. digital inputs input high voltage, v inh 2.4 v min input low voltage, v inl 0.8 v max input leakage current 1 m a max v in = 0 v or v dd input capacitance 8 pf max input coding binary dynamic performance voltage output slew rate 4 2v/ m s min voltage output settling time 4 positive full scale change 5 m s max settling time to 1/2 lsb negative full scale change 20 m s max settling time to 1/2 lsb digital crosstalk 50 nv secs typ minimum load resistance 2 k w min v out = +10 v power supplies v dd range 14.25/15.75 v min/v max for specified performance i dd 13 ma max outputs unloaded; v in = v inl or v inh notes 1 maximum possible reference voltage. 2 temperature ranges are as follows: k version: C40 c to +85 c b version: C40 c to +85 c t version: C55 c to +125 c 3 guanteed by design. not production tested. 4 sample tested at 25 c to ensure compliance. 5 switching characteristics apply for single and dual supply operation. specifications subject to change without notice. (v dd = +15 v 6 5%; v ss = agnd = dgnd = o v; v ref = +10 v 1 unless otherwise noted. all specifications t min to t max unless otherwise noted.)
ad7226 rev. a C4C absolute maximum ratings* v dd to agnd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C0.3 v, +17 v v dd to dgnd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C0.3 v, +17 v v ss to agnd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C7 v, v dd v ss to dgnd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C7 v, v dd v dd to v ss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C0.3 v, +24 v agnd to dgnd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C0.3 v, v dd digital input voltage to dgnd . . . . . . . C0.3 v, v dd + 0.3 v v ref to agnd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C0.3 v, v dd v out to agnd 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v ss , v dd power dissipation (any package) to +75 c . . . . . . . . 500 mw derates above 75 c by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 mw/ c operating temperature commercial (k version) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C40 c to +85 c industrial (b version) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C40 c to +85 c extended (t version) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C55 c to +125 c storage temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C65 c to +150 c lead temperature (soldering, 10 secs) . . . . . . . . . . . +300 c notes *stresses above those listed under absolute maximum ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. this is a stress rating only and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied. exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. 1 outputs may be shorted to agnd provided that the power dissipation of the package is not exceeded. typically short circuit current to agnd is 60 ma. warning! esd sensitive device caution esd (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. electrostatic charges as high as 4000 v readily accumulate on the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection. although the ad7226 features proprietary esd protection circuitry, permanent damage may occur on devices subjected to high energy electrostatic discharges. therefore, proper esd precautions are recommended to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality. pin configurations dip and soic lccc plcc terminology total unadjusted error this is a comprehensive specification which includes full-scale error, relative accuracy and zero code error. maximum output voltage is v ref C 1 lsb (ideal), where 1 lsb (ideal) is v ref / 256. the lsb size will vary over the v ref range. hence the zero code error will, relative to the lsb size, increase as v ref de- creases. accordingly, the total unadjusted error, which includes the zero code error, will also vary in terms of lsbs over the v ref range. as a result, total unadjusted error is specified for a fixed reference voltage of +10 v. relative accuracy relative accuracy or endpoint nonlinearity, is a measure of the maximum deviation from a straight line passing through the endpoints of the dac transfer function. it is measured after al- lowing for zero and full-scale error and is normally expressed in lsbs or as a percentage of full-scale reading. differential nonlinearity differential nonlinearity is the difference between the measured change and the ideal 1 lsb change between any two adjacent codes. a specified differential nonlinearity of 1 lsb max over the operating temperature range ensures monotonicity. digital crosstalk the glitch impulse transferred to the output of one converter due to a change in the digital input code to another of the con- verters. it is specified in nv secs and is measured at v ref = 0 v. full scale error full-scale error is defined as: measured value C zero code error C ideal value
ad7226 rev. a C5C circuit information d/a section the ad7226 contains four, identical, 8-bit, voltage mode digital-to-analog converters. the output voltages from the con- verters have the same polarity as the reference voltage allowing single supply operation. a novel dac switch pair arrangement on the ad7226 allows a reference voltage range from +2 v to +12.5 v. each dac consists of a highly stable, thin-film, r-2r ladder and eight high speed nmos, single-pole, double-throw switches. the simplified circuit diagram for one channel is shown in figure 1. note that v ref (pin 4) and agnd (pin 5) are common to all four dacs. figure 1. d/a simplified circuit diagram the input impedance at the v ref pin of the ad7226 is the par- allel combination of the four individual dac reference input impedances. it is code dependent and can vary from 2 k w to in- finity. the lowest input impedance (i.e., 2 k w ) occurs when all four dacs are loaded with the digital code 01010101. there- fore, it is important that the reference presents a low output im- pedance under changing load conditions. the nodal capacitance at the reference terminals is also code dependent and typically varies from 100 pf to 250 pf. each v out pin can be considered as a digitally programmable voltage source with an output voltage of: v outx = d x v ref where d x is fractional representation of the digital input code and can vary from 0 to 255/256. the source impedance is the output resistance of the buffer amplifier. op amp section each voltage-mode d/a converter output is buffered by a unity gain, noninv erting cmos amplifier. this buffer amplifier is capable of developing +10 v across a 2 k w load and can drive capacitive loads of 3300 pf. the output stage of this amplifier consists of a bipolar transistor from the v dd line and a current load to the v ss , the negative supply for the output amplifiers. this output stage is shown in figure 2. the npn transistor supplies the required output current drive (up to 5 ma). the current load consists of nmos transistors which normally act as a constant current sink of 400 m a to v ss , giving each output a current sink capability of approximately 400 m a if required. the ad7226 can be operated single or dual supply resulting in different performance in some parameters from the output amplifiers. in single supply operation (v ss = 0 v = agnd), with the out- put approaching agnd (i.e., digital code approaching all 0s) figure 2. amplifier output stage the current load ceases to act as a current sink and begins to act as a resistive load of approximately 2 k w to agnd. this occurs as the nmos transistors come out of saturation. this means that, in single supply operation, the sink capability of the ampli- fiers is reduced when the output voltage is at or near agnd. a typical plot of the variation of current sink capability with out- put voltage is shown in figure 3. figure 3. variation of i sink with v out if the full sink capability is required with output voltages at or near agnd (=0 v), then v ss can be brought below 0 v by 5 v and thereby maintain the 400 m a current sink as indicated in figure 3. biasing v ss below 0 v also gives additional headroom in the output amplifier which allows for better zero code error performance on each output. also improved is the slew-rate and negative-going settling-time of the amplifiers (discussed later). each amplifier offset is laser trimmed during manufacture to eliminate any requirement for offset nulling. digital section the digital inputs of the ad7226 are both ttl and cmos (5 v) compatible from v dd = +11.4 v to +16.5 v. all logic in- puts are static protected mos gates with typical input currents of less than 1 na. internal input protection is achieved by an on-chip distributed diode from dgnd to each mos gate. to minimize power supply currents, it is recommended that the digital input voltages be driven as close to the supply rails (v dd and dgnd) as practically possible.
ad7226 rev. a C6C interface logic information address lines a0 and a1 select which dac will accept data from the input port. table i shows the selection table for the four dacs with figure 4 showing the input control logic. when the wr signal is low, the input latches of the selected dac are transparent and its output responds to activity on the data bus. the data is latched into the addressed dac latch on the rising edge of wr . while wr is high the analog outputs remain at the value corresponding to the data held in their respective latches. table i. ad7226 truth table ad7226 control inputs ad7226 wr a1 a0 operation h x x no operation device not selected l l l dac a transparent g l l dac a latched l l h dac b transparent g l h dac b latched l h l dac c transparent g h l dac c latched l h h dac d transparent g h h dac d latched l = low state, h = high state, x = dont care figure 4. input control logic figure 5. write cycle timing diagram typical performance characteristics (t a = 25 8 c, v dd = +15 v, v ss = C5 v) figure 6. channel-to-channel matching figure 7. relative accuracy vs. v ref figure 8. differential nonlinearity vs. v ref
ad7226 rev. a C7C figure 10. dynamic response (v ss = C5 v) figure 11a. positive-step settling-time (v ss = C5 v) figure 11b. negative-step settling-time (v ss = C5 v) ground management ac or transient voltages between agnd and dgnd can cause noise at the analog output. this is especially true in micropro- cessor systems where digital noise is prevalent. the simplest method of ensuring that voltages at agnd and dgnd are equal is to tie agnd and dgnd together at the ad7226. in more complex systems where the agnd and dgnd intertie is on the backplane, it is recommended that two diodes be con- nected in inverse parallel between the ad7226 agnd and dgnd pins (in914 or equivalent). figure 9. zero code error vs. temperature specification ranges in order for the dacs to operate to their specifications, the ref- erence voltage must be at least 4 v below the v dd power supply voltage. this voltage differential is required for correct genera- tion of bias voltages for the dac switches. the ad7226 is specified to operate over a v dd range from +12 v 5% to +15 v 10% (i.e., from +11.4 v to +16.5 v) with a v ss of C5 v 10%. operation is also specified for a single +15 v 5% v dd supply. applying a v ss of C5 v results in improved zero code error, improved output sink capability with outputs near agnd and improved negative-going settling- time. performance is specified over a wide range of reference voltages from 2 v to (v dd C 4 v) with dual supplies. this allows a range of standard reference generators to be used such as the ad580, a +2.5 v bandgap reference and the ad584, a precision +10 v reference. note that in order to achieve an output voltage range of 0 v to +10 v a nominal +15 v 5% power supply voltage is required by the ad7226. settling time the output stage of the buffer amplifiers consists of a bipolar npn transistor from the v dd line and a constant current load to v ss . v ss is the negative power supply for the output buffer am- plifiers. as mentioned in the op amp section, in single supply operation the nmos transistor will come out of saturation as the output voltage approaches agnd and will act as a resistive load of approximately 2 k w to agnd. as a result, the settling- time for negative-going signals approaching agnd in single supply operation will be longer than for dual supply operation where the current load of 400 m a is maintained all the way down to agnd. positive-going settling-time is not affected by v ss . the settling-time for the ad7226 is limited by the slew-rate of the output buffer amplifiers. this can be seen from figure 10 which shows the dynamic response for the ad7226 for a full scale change. figures 11a and 11b show expanded settling-time photographs with the output waveforms derived from a differen- tial input to an oscilloscope. figure 11a shows the settling-time for a positive-going step and figure 11b shows the settling-time for a negative-going output step.
ad7226 rev. a C8C unipolar output operation this is the basic mode of operation for each channel of the ad7226, with the output voltage having the same positive polarity as +v ref . the ad7226 can be operated single supply (v ss = agnd) or with positive/negative supplies (see op-amp section which outlines the advantages of having negative v ss ). the code table for unipolar output operation is shown in table ii. note that the voltage at v ref must never be negative with re- spect to dgnd in order to prevent parasitic transistor turn-on. connections for the unipolar output operation are shown in fig- ure 12. figure 12. ad7226 unipolar output circuit table ii. unipolar code table dac latch contents msb lsb analog output 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + v ref 255 256 ? ? ? ? 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 + v ref 129 256 ? ? ? ? 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + v ref 128 256 ? ? ? ? =+ v ref 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + v ref 127 256 ? ? ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 + v ref 1 256 ? ? ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 v note : 1 lsb = v ref () 2 - 8 () = v ref 1 256 ? ? ? ? bipolar output operation each of the dacs of the ad7226 can be individually config- ured to provide bipolar output operation. this is possible using one external amplifier and two resistors per channel. figure 13 shows a circuit used to implement offset binary coding (bipolar operation) with dac a of the ad7226. in this case v out = 1 + r 2 r 1 ? ? ? ? d a v ref () r 2 r 1 ? ? ? ? v ref () with r 1 = r 2 v out = (2 d a C 1) ? v ref where d a is a fractional representation of the digital word in latch a. mismatch between r1 and r2 causes gain and offset errors and therefore these resistors must match and track over temperature. once again the ad7226 can be operated in single supply or from positive/negative supplies. table iii shows the digital code versus output voltage relationship for the circuit of figure 13 with r1 = r2. figure 13. ad7226 bipolar output circuit table iii. bipolar (offset binary) code table dac latch contents msb lsb analog output 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + v ref 127 128 ? ? ? ? 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 + v ref 1 128 ? ? ? ? 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 v 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 v ref 1 128 ? ? ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 v ref 127 128 ? ? ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 v ref 128 128 ? ? ? ? = v ref agnd bias the ad7226 agnd pin can be biased above system gnd (ad7226 dgnd) to provide an offset zero analog output voltage level. figure 14 shows a circuit configuration to achieve this for channel a of the ad7226. the output voltage, v outa , can be expressed as: v outa = v bias + d a ( v in ) where d a is a fractional representation of the digital input word (0 d 255/256).
ad7226 rev. a C9C figure 14. agnd bias circuit for a given v in , increasing agnd above system gnd will re- duce the effective v dd Cv ref which must be at least 4 v to en- sure specified operation. note that because the agnd pin is common to all four dacs, this method biases up the output voltages of all the dacs in the ad7226. note that v dd and v ss of the ad7226 should be referenced to dgnd. 3-phase sine wave the circuit of figure 15 shows an application of the ad7226 in the generation of 3-phase sine waves which can be used to con- trol small 3-phase motors. the proper codes for synthesizing a full sine wave are stored in eprom, with the required phase- shift of 120 between the three d/a converter outputs being generated in software. data is loaded into the three d/a converters from the sine eprom via the microprocessor or control logic. three loops are generated in software with each d/a converter being loaded from a separate loop. the loops run through the look-up table producing successive triads of sinusoidal values with 120 sepa- ration which are loaded to the d/a converters producing 3 sine wave voltages 120 apart. a complete sine wave cycle is gener- ated by stepping through the full look-up table. if a 256-element sine wave table is used then the resolution of the circuit will be 1.4 (360 /256). figure 17 shows typical resulting waveforms. the sine waves can be smoothed by filtering the d/a converter outputs. the fourth d/a converter of the ad7226, dac d, may be used in a feedback configuration to provide a programmable refer- ence voltage for itself and the other three converters. this con- figuration is shown in figure 15. the relationship of v ref to v in is dependent upon digital code and upon the ratio of r f to r and is given by the formula v ref = (1 + g ) (1 + g . d d ) v in where g = r f /r and d d is a fractional representation of the digital word in latch d. alternatively, for a given v in and resistance ratio, the required value of d d for a given value of v ref can be determined from the expression d d = (1 + r / r f ) v in v ref r r f figure 16 shows typical plots of v ref versus digital code for three different values of r f . with v in = +2.5 v and r f = 3 r the peak-to-peak sine wave voltage from the converter outputs will vary between +2.5 v and +10 v over the digital input code range of 0 to 255. figure 16. variation of v ref with feedback configuration figure 17. 3-phase sine wave output figure 15. 3-phase sine wave generation circuit
ad7226 rev. a C10C staircase window comparator in many test systems, it is important to be able to determine whether some parameter lies within defined limits. the staircase window comparator of figure 18a is a circuit which can be used, for example, to measure the v oh and v ol thresholds of a ttl device under test. upper and lower limits on both v oh and v ol can be programmably set using the ad7226. each ad- jacent pair of comparators forms a window of programmable size. if v test lies within a window then the output for that win- dow will be high. with a reference of +2.56 v applied to the v ref input, the minimum window size is 10 mv. figure 18a. logic level measurement figure 18b. window structure the circuit can easily be adapted to allow for overlapping of windows as shown in figure 19a. if the three outputs from this circuit are decoded then five different nonoverlapping program- mable windows can again be defined. figure 19a. overlapping windows figure 19b. window structure figure 20. varying reference signal varying reference signal in some applications, it may be desirable to have a varying sig- nal applied to the reference input of the ad7226. the ad7226 has multiplying capability within upper and lower limits of refer- ence voltage when operated with dual supplies. the upper and lower limits are those required by the ad7226 to achieve its lin- earity specification. figure 20 shows a sine wave signal applied to the reference input of the ad7226. for input signal frequen- cies up to 50 khz the output distortion typically remains less than 0.1%. typical 3 db bandwidth figure is 700 khz.
ad7226 rev. a C11C offset adjust figure 21 shows how the ad7226 can be used to provide pro- grammable input offset voltage adjustment for the ad544 op amp. each output of the ad7226 can be used to trim the input offset voltage on one ad544. the 620 k w resistor tied to +10 v provides a fixed bias current to one offset node. for symmetrical adjustment, this bias current should equal the current in the other offset node with the half-full scale code (i.e., 10000000) on the dac. changing the code on the dac varies the bias current and hence provides offset adjust for the ad544. for ex- ample, the input offset voltage on the ad544j, which has a maximum of 2 mv, can be programmably trimmed to 10 m v. figure 21. offset adjust for ad544 microprocessor interface figure 22. ad7226 to 8085a interface figure 23. ad7226 to 6809 interface figure 24. ad7226 to 6502 interface figure 25. ad7226 to z-80 interface
ad7226 rev. a C12C c812bC8C5/87 printed in u.s.a. outline dimensions dimensions shown in inches and (mm). 20-pin plastic (n-20) 20-pin cerdip (q-20) 20-pin soic (r-20) 20-terminal plastic leaded chip carrier (p-20a) 20-terminal leadless ceramic chip carrier (e-20a)

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